{"id":1777,"date":"2019-08-07T22:00:41","date_gmt":"2019-08-07T21:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?page_id=1777"},"modified":"2019-09-16T09:48:23","modified_gmt":"2019-09-16T09:48:23","slug":"pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-very-dark-gray-background-color has-background-dim\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03125547\/Cells-dividing.jpg)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:right\">A\/Prof. Ken Rodgers School of Life Sciences<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utscentrefuge\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack3 wp-block-list\"><li>Explain how drug&nbsp;<strong>clearance (CL)<\/strong>&nbsp;determines the steady-state plasma concentration<\/li><li>Calculate the&nbsp;<strong>half-life<\/strong>, volume of distribution, clearance and loading doses of drugs<\/li><li>Explain how the timecourse of drug clearance can be described using&nbsp;<strong>one or two compartment kinetic models<\/strong><\/li><li>Understand differences between&nbsp;<strong>first-order&nbsp;<\/strong>and&nbsp;<strong>zero-order (saturation)&nbsp;<\/strong>kinetics<\/li><li>Explain the pharmacokinetics of alcohol, including why alcohol has a constant rate of metabolism per hour<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM,&nbsp;&nbsp;Flower R and Henderson G (2015)&nbsp;<em>Pharmacology<\/em>, 8th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Sydney.<\/strong><ul><li>Drug metabolism and elimination&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;Chapter 10<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Definitions\">Definitions<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-background-dim-60 has-very-dark-gray-background-color has-background-dim\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03204842\/hand-pills.jpg)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\">Definitions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Pharmacokinetics = Time course of drug concentrations attained in different compartments in the body during or after dosing<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time course of drug concentration in plasma or blood<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped utsimage75 wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1694\" height=\"1298\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04194813\/Time-course-of-drug-concentration-in-plasma-or-blood-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46152\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/time-course-of-drug-concentration-in-plasma-or-blood-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46152\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1694\" height=\"1298\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04194811\/Time-course-of-drug-concentration-in-plasma-or-blood-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46151\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/time-course-of-drug-concentration-in-plasma-or-blood-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46151\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Time course of drug concentration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped image90 wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2021\" height=\"1035\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04194918\/Time-course-of-drug-concentration-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46155\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/time-course-of-drug-concentration-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46155\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2021\" height=\"1035\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04194916\/Time-course-of-drug-concentration-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46154\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/time-course-of-drug-concentration-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46154\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\"> Drug Elimination <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull has-2-columns utstubes is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"utsblack4 wp-block-list\"><li><strong>The irreversible loss of drug from the body. This can occur via:<\/strong><ul><li>Metabolism<\/li><li>Excretion<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped utsbackground-white wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195302\/aspirin-salisylic-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46160\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-salisylic-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46160\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195301\/aspirin-salisylic-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46159\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-salisylic-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46159\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195259\/aspirin-salisylic-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46158\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-salisylic-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46158\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195258\/aspirin-salisylic-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46157\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-salisylic-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-46157\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug clearance 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Clearance (<em>CL<\/em>) is the volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time (L\/hr)<\/li><li>Relates rate of drug elimination to its plasma conc (<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>) (mg\/L)<\/li><li>Rate of drug elimination =&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;x&nbsp;<em>CL&nbsp;<\/em>(mg\/hr)<\/li><li>For most individuals at therapeutic concs&nbsp;<em>CL&nbsp;<\/em>is the same at different drug doses (<em>Q<\/em>) (NB: not in overdose)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug clearance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Check out animation on&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/sepia.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/index.php?id=62\">http:\/\/sepia.unil.ch\/pharmacology\/index.php?id=62&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(This is the best visual representation of drug clearance I could find)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1966\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195453\/Drug-clearance-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46167\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-clearance-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46167\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1966\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195452\/Drug-clearance-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46166\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-clearance-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46166\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1966\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195450\/Drug-clearance-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46165\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-clearance-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46165\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1966\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195449\/Drug-clearance-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46164\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-clearance-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-46164\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1966\" height=\"870\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195445\/Drug-clearance-05.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46163\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-clearance-05\/\" class=\"wp-image-46163\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug Clearance 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Clearance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>describes the efficiency of elimination<\/li><li>is additive \u2013 so is made up of a number of components<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">CL<sub>total<\/sub>&nbsp;= CL<sub>renal<\/sub>&nbsp;+ CL<sub>non-renal<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">CL<sub>total<\/sub>&nbsp;= CL<sub>renal<\/sub>+ CL<sub>metab&nbsp;<\/sub>+ CL<sub>bile<\/sub>&nbsp;+ CL<sub>lung&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/sub>+\u2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Renal Clearance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">CL<sub>renal<\/sub>&nbsp;= CL<sub>filtration<\/sub>&nbsp;+ CL<sub>secretion<\/sub>&nbsp;\u2013 CL<sub>reabsorption<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Half-life\">Half life, Volume Distribution, Clearance<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\">Half-life and Vd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1806\" height=\"1214\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195644\/Half-life-and-Vd.png\" alt=\"Half-life and Vd\" class=\"wp-image-46171\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clearance and half-life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1832\" height=\"956\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195701\/Clearance-and-half-life.png\" alt=\"Clearance and half-life\" class=\"wp-image-46172\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Drug excretion 1 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-1 is-cropped utsimage75 wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1807\" height=\"1281\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195804\/Drug-excretion-1-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46179\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46179\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1807\" height=\"1281\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195755\/Drug-excretion-1-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46178\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46178\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1807\" height=\"1281\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195751\/Drug-excretion-1-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46177\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46177\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1807\" height=\"1281\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195747\/Drug-excretion-1-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46176\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-46176\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1807\" height=\"1281\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195743\/Drug-excretion-1-05.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46175\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-05\/\" class=\"wp-image-46175\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1807\" height=\"1281\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195741\/Drug-excretion-1-06.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46174\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-06\/\" class=\"wp-image-46174\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Single compartment model<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-1 is-cropped utsimage75 wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195959\/Single-compartment-model-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46183\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/single-compartment-model-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46183\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195957\/Single-compartment-model-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46182\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/single-compartment-model-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46182\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04195955\/Single-compartment-model-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46181\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/single-compartment-model-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-46181\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Drug-Clearance\">Drug Clearance<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utsclinic\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 43%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1026\" height=\"1188\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200107\/Drug-clearance-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46187\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"utsblack wp-block-heading\">Drug clearance 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack4 wp-block-list\"><li>For&nbsp;most drugs, elimination follows an exponential time course with a&nbsp;constant half-life (<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2<\/sub>) that is&nbsp;independent of plasma concentration (<em>C<\/em><sub>p&nbsp;<\/sub>)<\/li><li>Known as&nbsp;first-order&nbsp;kinetics<\/li><li><em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2<\/sub>&nbsp;is directly proportional to&nbsp;<em>V<\/em><sub>d<\/sub>&nbsp;and inversely proportional to&nbsp;<em>CL<\/em><\/li><li>The initial plasma concentration&nbsp;<strong>(<em>C<\/em><sub>0<\/sub>) =&nbsp;<em>Q<\/em>\/<em>V<\/em><sub>d<\/sub><\/strong><\/li><li>Rate of decay described by:<\/li><li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"471\" height=\"163\" class=\"wp-image-46186\" style=\"width: 350px\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200101\/Rate-of-decay.png\" alt=\"\"><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Drug clearance 3 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1869\" height=\"874\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200235\/drug-clearance-3-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46191\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-clearance-3-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46191\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1869\" height=\"874\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200234\/drug-clearance-3-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46190\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-clearance-3-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46190\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug Clearance 3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Clearance is defined as the volume of plasma that is cleared of drug per unit time<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image utsimage75\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"656\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200311\/Drug-Clearance-3-04.png\" alt=\"Drug Clearance\" class=\"wp-image-46193\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Drug clearance 4 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull has-2-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It takes approximately 4-5&nbsp;<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2<\/sub>&nbsp;for&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;to reach the steady state concentration once an infusion or multiple dosing with the drug is started.&nbsp;The reverse is also true once treatment is stopped:<ul><li>~5% of&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>ss<\/sub>&nbsp;after infusion is stopped (effectively eliminated)<\/li><li>~95% of&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>ss<\/sub>&nbsp;after infusion is started<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"380\" height=\"209\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200512\/Drug-clearance-4-01.jpeg\" alt=\"Drug clearance \" class=\"wp-image-46196\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1773\" height=\"657\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200511\/Drug-clearance-4-02.png\" alt=\"Drug clearance table\" class=\"wp-image-46195\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Repeated-Dosing\">Repeated Dosing<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Repeated dosing 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Drugs are normally given repeatedly (p.o.) rather than single injection or constant IV<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pharmacokinetics is used to determine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>What is appropriate dose that must be given repeatedly?<\/li><li>How often must drug be given to:<ul><li>maintain therapeutic levels?<\/li><li>avoid toxic concentrations?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1418\" height=\"1040\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200625\/Repeated-dosing-1.png\" alt=\"Repeated dosing\" class=\"wp-image-46199\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Repeated dosing \u2013 plasma concentrations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-1 is-cropped utsimage90 wp-block-gallery-8 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2033\" height=\"1091\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200658\/plasma-concentrations-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46203\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/plasma-concentrations-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46203\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2033\" height=\"1091\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200655\/plasma-concentrations-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46202\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/plasma-concentrations-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46202\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2033\" height=\"1091\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200651\/plasma-concentrations-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46201\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/plasma-concentrations-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46201\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1810\" height=\"1087\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200820\/plasma-concentrations-04.png\" alt=\"plasma concentrations\" class=\"wp-image-46205\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utscolor-pills\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Repeated doses 4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack4 wp-block-list\"><li>If dosing interval &lt; 4.5 x&nbsp;<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2<\/sub>, drug will accumulate (if its greater than this it wont accumulate becase the concentration will come back to zero before the next dose is started)<\/li><li><strong>With repeated fixed dosing (or IV infusion) it takes 4.5 x&nbsp;<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2&nbsp;<\/sub>of a drug to reach max. absorption<\/strong><\/li><li>Therefore, after 4.5 x&nbsp;<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2<\/sub>, rate of drug elimination = rate of drug absorption\/supply = maximal accumulation = steady state (<em>C<\/em><sub>ss<\/sub>)<\/li><li>If you &nbsp;increase the dose of rate of infusion it still takes the same time to reach the steady state it\u2019s just that the steady state plasma concentration will be higher.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosing interval 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>There are two opposing forces at work<\/li><li><strong>Patient compliance<\/strong><ul><li>Less often a drug can be given, better will be patient compliance \u2013 however \u2013 the fluctuation in concentration will be greater!<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1468\" height=\"616\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200837\/Dosing-interval-1.png\" alt=\"Dosing interval\" class=\"wp-image-46207\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosing interval 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Fluctuations in plasma concentration<\/strong><ul><li>Fluctuations will oscillate with a range of&nbsp;<em>Q<\/em>\/<em>V<\/em><sub>d<\/sub><\/li><li>Less often a drug is given, greater will be fluctuations in&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub><ul><li><em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;falls below therapeutic levels<\/li><li>toxic&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;may also be reached<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1330\" height=\"772\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200855\/Dosing-interval-2.png\" alt=\"Dosing interval\" class=\"wp-image-46209\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Variations in absorption<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Slower absorption decreases peak&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;and prolongs duration<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1928\" height=\"1013\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04200942\/Variations-in-absorption.png\" alt=\"Variations in absorption\" class=\"wp-image-46211\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Compartment-Models\">Compartment Models<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Single compartment model<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1477\" height=\"1225\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201111\/Single-compartment-model.png\" alt=\"Single compartment model\" class=\"wp-image-46214\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pharmacokinetics 4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Very often, however, a fast- and slow- phase of loss of drug from plasma is noted<\/li><li>The fast phase is characterised as distribution from plasma to the tissues<\/li><li>The slow phase equates to elimination from the plasma<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Two compartment models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most drugs are described by a two compartment model<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1370\" height=\"997\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201258\/Two-compartment-models-00.png\" alt=\"Two compartment models\" class=\"wp-image-46217\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Two compartment models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most drugs are described by a two compartment model<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1974\" height=\"926\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201204\/Two-compartment-models.png\" alt=\"Two compartment models\" class=\"wp-image-46216\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Loading doses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Sometimes not practical to wait 4-5&nbsp;<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2<\/sub>&nbsp;to attain&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>ss<\/sub><\/li><li>Eg.&nbsp;<strong>digoxin<\/strong>&nbsp;(<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2&nbsp;<\/sub>\u2248 36 hrs), severe CHF needs immediate Rx<\/li><li>Would take &gt;6 days to achieve&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>ss<\/sub>&nbsp;(less to reach MEC)<\/li><li>Avoid problem using loading dose&nbsp;(<em>Q<\/em><sub>L<\/sub>) =&nbsp;<em>V<\/em><sub>d<\/sub>&nbsp;x target&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1172\" height=\"809\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201431\/Loading-doses.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46220\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Dosage-Adjustment\">Dosage Adjustment for Impaired Elimination<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utslightblue\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosage adjustment for impaired elimination 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Duration of action and potency of most drugs is dependent on metabolism (hepatic) and\/or excretion (renal)<\/li><li>Ca. 20% of drugs are cleared unchanged through kidneys (eg&nbsp;<strong>gentamicin, cisplatin<\/strong>)<\/li><li>Thus must alter dose of drug given to patients with these dysfunctions<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosage adjustment for impaired elimination 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1276\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201506\/Dosage-adjustment-for-impaired-elimination-2.png\" alt=\"Dosage adjustment for impaired elimination\" class=\"wp-image-46222\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosage adjustment for impaired elimination 3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Dose adjustment required for renal impairment<\/strong><ul><li>\u2018<em>fu<\/em>\u2019 =&nbsp;fraction excreted&nbsp;unchanged<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1472\" height=\"914\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201624\/Dosage-adjustment-for-impaired-elimination-3.png\" alt=\"Dosage adjustment for impaired elimination \" class=\"wp-image-46224\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Dosage adjustment for impaired elimination 4 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 45%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1472\" height=\"914\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201648\/Dosage-adjustment-for-impaired-elimination-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46226\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Dosing in liver disease<\/strong><\/li><li>There is no simple measure for hepatic impairment<\/li><li>Albumin conc and prothrombin index indicate ability to synthesise proteins and thus liver enzymes but only indicate severe, chronic dysfunction<\/li><li>For albumin &lt;30 g\/L (normal 36-55 g\/L) and\/or raised INR indicate severe liver dysfunction<\/li><li>High hepatic&nbsp;<em>CL&nbsp;<\/em>drugs \u2013 decrease dose by 50% (see next slide)<\/li><li>Low hepatic&nbsp;<em>CL&nbsp;<\/em>drugs \u2013 decrease dose by 35%<\/li><li>\u2018Start low, go slow\u2019<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1274\" height=\"582\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201913\/Dosage-adjustment-for-impaired-elimination-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46228\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dosage adjustment for impaired elimination 5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Fraction of drug removed from blood in one passage through liver is the extraction ratio (ER)<\/li><li>These drugs are subject to first-pass metabolism and altered blood flow (eg in CHF)<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Zero-order\">Zero-order Elimination<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero-order elimination 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Theoretically all drugs could saturate their metabolising pathways (eg. enzymes or pumps)<\/li><li>For most drugs this occurs above therapeutic concs (eg only with overdose)<\/li><li>For a few drugs this occurs at therapeutic concs<\/li><li>This is known as&nbsp;zero-order&nbsp;elimination (saturable kinetics)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1720\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04201957\/Zero-order-elimination-1.png\" alt=\"Zero-order elimination\" class=\"wp-image-46230\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero-order elimination 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Below&nbsp;<em>K<\/em><sub>m<\/sub>, rate of elimination is proportional to&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub><\/li><li>Above&nbsp;<em>K<\/em><sub>m<\/sub>, rate of elimination becomes independent of&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1804\" height=\"746\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04202021\/Zero-order-elimination-2.png\" alt=\"Zero-order elimination 2\" class=\"wp-image-46232\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utspinkcaps\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero-order elimination 3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack4 wp-block-list\"><li>Examples of drugs undergoing zero-order elimination include:<ul><li>Aspirin (saturates with one to two 300 mg tablets)<\/li><li>Coumarins<\/li><li>Ethanol (<em>K<\/em><sub>m<\/sub>&nbsp;= 0.01%, legal limit for driving = 0.05%)<\/li><li>Quinidine&nbsp;(narrow therapeutic index)<\/li><li>Heparin<\/li><li>Tetracycline<\/li><li>Amylobarbitone<\/li><li><strong>Phenytoin (narrow therapeutic index,&nbsp;<em>K<\/em><\/strong><strong><sub>m<\/sub><\/strong><strong>&nbsp;7 mg\/l, therapeutic range 10-20 mg\/l)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Can also occur in overdose situations, with high&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utslightblue\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero-order elimination 4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Rate of eliminated&nbsp;is independent&nbsp;of drug starting concentration<\/li><li><em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2&nbsp;<\/sub>is dependent&nbsp;on drug starting concentration<\/li><li>Eg. Ethanol = 4 mmol\/hr<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull has-2-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1102\" height=\"739\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04202103\/Zero-order-elimination-4-01.png\" alt=\"Zero-order elimination\" class=\"wp-image-46235\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"527\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04202100\/Zero-order-elimination-4-02.png\" alt=\"Zero-order elimination \" class=\"wp-image-46234\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utslightred\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zero-order elimination 5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Once the&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;producing the maximal rate of metabolism is exceeded, the&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;will, in principle, increase indefinitely and a steady state&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;will not be reached<\/li><li>Therefore,&nbsp;<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>&nbsp;should be regularly measured<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1378\" height=\"692\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04202244\/Zero-order-elimination-5.png\" alt=\"Zero-order elimination 5\" class=\"wp-image-46237\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Questions\">Questions<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utsbackground-red\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Question<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Drug Y has a steady-state plasma concentration of 1000 mg\/L, a half-life (<em>t<\/em><sub>1\/2<\/sub>) of 1 hour and undergoes first-order elimination. What will be the approximate plasma concentration (<em>C<\/em><sub>p<\/sub>) 4 hours after i.v. infusion is discontinued?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(A) 10 mg\/L<br>(B) 250 mg\/L<br>(C) 40 mg\/L<br>(D) 62.5 mg\/L<br>(E) cannot be answered without knowledge of the dose given<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learning Objectives Explain how drug&nbsp;clearance (CL)&nbsp;determines the steady-state plasma concentration Calculate the&nbsp;half-life, volume of distribution, clearance and loading doses of drugs Explain how the timecourse of drug clearance can be described using&nbsp;one or two compartment kinetic models Understand differences between&nbsp;first-order&nbsp;and&nbsp;zero-order (saturation)&nbsp;kinetics Explain the pharmacokinetics of alcohol, including why alcohol has a constant rate of metabolism [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4934,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-template\/generic-template.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1777","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics - UTS Pharmacology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics - UTS Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learning Objectives Explain how drug&nbsp;clearance (CL)&nbsp;determines the steady-state plasma concentration Calculate the&nbsp;half-life, volume of distribution, clearance and loading doses of drugs Explain how the timecourse of drug clearance can be described using&nbsp;one or two compartment kinetic models Understand differences between&nbsp;first-order&nbsp;and&nbsp;zero-order (saturation)&nbsp;kinetics Explain the pharmacokinetics of alcohol, including why alcohol has a constant rate of metabolism [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UTS Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-09-16T09:48:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/\",\"name\":\"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics - UTS Pharmacology\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-08-07T21:00:41+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-09-16T09:48:23+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/\",\"name\":\"UTS Pharmacology\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics - UTS Pharmacology","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics - UTS Pharmacology","og_description":"Learning Objectives Explain how drug&nbsp;clearance (CL)&nbsp;determines the steady-state plasma concentration Calculate the&nbsp;half-life, volume of distribution, clearance and loading doses of drugs Explain how the timecourse of drug clearance can be described using&nbsp;one or two compartment kinetic models Understand differences between&nbsp;first-order&nbsp;and&nbsp;zero-order (saturation)&nbsp;kinetics Explain the pharmacokinetics of alcohol, including why alcohol has a constant rate of metabolism [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/","og_site_name":"UTS Pharmacology","article_modified_time":"2019-09-16T09:48:23+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/","url":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/","name":"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics - UTS Pharmacology","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png","datePublished":"2019-08-07T21:00:41+00:00","dateModified":"2019-09-16T09:48:23+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#primaryimage","url":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png","contentUrl":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-4-quantitative-pharmacokinetics\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pharmacokinetics 4: Quantitative pharmacokinetics"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/#website","url":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/","name":"UTS Pharmacology","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4934"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1777"}],"version-history":[{"count":51,"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46660,"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1777\/revisions\/46660"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}