{"id":1675,"date":"2019-08-06T22:34:16","date_gmt":"2019-08-06T21:34:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?page_id=1675"},"modified":"2019-09-16T09:04:06","modified_gmt":"2019-09-16T09:04:06","slug":"pharmacokinetics-3-drug-metabolism-excretion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-3-drug-metabolism-excretion\/","title":{"rendered":"Pharmacokinetics 3: Drug Metabolism &amp; Excretion"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-background-dim-60 has-very-dark-gray-background-color has-background-dim\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182541\/Master-Pharmacogenetics-dna-pill.jpg);background-position:100% 100%\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:right\">\n\nA\/Prof. Ken Rodgers School of Life Sciences\n\n<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utsclearpill\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack3 wp-block-list\"><li>Understand the concept of prodrugs<\/li><li>Outline how the metabolism and\/or excretion of a drug may be influenced by the physicochemical properties of the drug<\/li><li>Describe the basic mechanisms of Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions<\/li><li>Outline the mechanisms involved in renal and biliary elimination of drugs<\/li><li>Describe how enterohepatic recirculation prolongs the duration of action of drugs<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM,&nbsp;&nbsp;Flower R and Henderson G (2015)&nbsp;<em>Pharmacology<\/em>, 8th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Sydney.<\/li><li>Drug metabolism and elimination&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;Chapter 9<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug Elimination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Irreversible loss of drug from the body is a combination of 2 processes<\/strong><ul><li>Metabolism<\/li><li>Excretion<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182715\/aspirin-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46093\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46093\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182713\/aspirin-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46092\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46092\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182712\/aspirin-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46091\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46091\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182711\/aspirin-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46090\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/aspirin-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-46090\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Outline\">Drug Metabolism: Outline<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug metabolism: definition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Metabolism \u2013 Enzymic conversion of one chemical entity&nbsp;to another in the body<\/li><li>Before excretion through the urine, most drugs undergo metabolism in the liver<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-2-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2017\/04\/04020956\/Screen-Shot-2017-04-04-at-11.58.53-am-copy1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1444\" height=\"794\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182843\/Examples-of-Phase-1-Reactions.png\" alt=\"Phase 1 Reactions\" class=\"wp-image-46097\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2017\/04\/04020858\/Screen-Shot-2017-04-04-at-11.59.50-am.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"924\" height=\"654\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182906\/Drug-metabolism-02.png\" alt=\"Drug metabolism\" class=\"wp-image-46098\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug Metabolism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Terminates drug action (treated as a xenobiotic)<\/li><li>Allows for more rapid elimination of drug<\/li><li>Most occurs in the liver via microsomal (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)&nbsp;and&nbsp;non-microsomal (mitochondria, soluble) enzymatic reactions<\/li><li>Lipophilic drugs have polar \/ charged groups added in liver<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utstubes\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phases of Drug Metabolism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack3 wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Metabolism involves two types of biochemical reaction<\/strong><ul><li>Phase 1 reactions (predominate)<ul><li>Oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis<\/li><li>Catabolic reactions (breakdown)<\/li><li>Generate or expose a functional\/reactive group. Products can be more reactive or toxic than precursor<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Phase 2 reactions<ul><li>Conjugation with hydrophilic groups<\/li><li>Anabolic reactions (build up)<\/li><li>Usually results in inactive compounds<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Phase-1\">Drug Metabolism: Phase 1<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utslightblue\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"utsblack wp-block-heading\">Drug Metabolism: Phase 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Phase 1 reactions<\/strong><\/li><li>Often involve mixed function oxidase&nbsp;system<ul><li>Cytochrome P-450 plays most important role<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Often introduce a reactive group to the molecule<\/li><li>Adds or exposes functional groups (eg. -OH, -SH, -NH<sub>2<\/sub>, -COOH) allowing excretion or permitting compound to undergo phase II reactions<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples of Phase 1 Reactions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1444\" height=\"794\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04182843\/Examples-of-Phase-1-Reactions.png\" alt=\"Phase 1 Reactions\" class=\"wp-image-46097\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utslightblue\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 29%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"894\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191126\/Cytochrome-P450-structure.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46101\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cytochrome P450 structure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utswhite wp-block-list\"><li><strong>P450 are heme-containing proteins.<\/strong><\/li><li>Polypeptide chains vary among CYPs and offer substrate specificity<\/li><li><strong>Basic reaction:<\/strong><\/li><li>Mono-oxygenation by one atom of oxygen into the substrate. The other oxygen atom is reduced to water<\/li><li>Substrate&nbsp;<strong>(RH)&nbsp;<\/strong>+ O<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;+ NADPH + H<sup>+<\/sup>&nbsp;\u2013\u2013\u2013&gt; Product&nbsp;<strong>(ROH)&nbsp;<\/strong>+ H<sub>2<\/sub>0 + NADP<sup>+<\/sup><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Activation of prodrugs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bioactivation of prodrug (inactive) to active metabolite<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"636\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191200\/Activation-of-prodrugs.png\" alt=\"Activation of prodrugs\" class=\"wp-image-46103\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Phase-2\">Drug Metabolism: Phase 2<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utspills\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"utsblack wp-block-heading\">Drug metabolism: Phase 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack3 wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Phase II reactions<\/strong><ul><li>Biosynthetic reactions (require energy) where compound or phase I-derived metabolite is covalently linked to an endogenous molecule (conjugate)<\/li><li>Conjugate =&nbsp;glucuronic acid, amino acids, glutathione, sulphate, methyl, or&nbsp;acetyl&nbsp;groups<\/li><li>Conjugation (eg hydroxyl, thiol, amino group)<\/li><li>Makes the drug less lipid soluble (highly polar) and more readily excreted in the urine and bile<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phase 2 reactions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1102\" height=\"806\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191305\/Phase-2-reactions.png\" alt=\"Phase 2 reactions\" class=\"wp-image-46106\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Metabolism 3 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped utsimage75 wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2032\" height=\"1062\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191334\/Metabolism-3-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46109\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/metabolism-3-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46109\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2032\" height=\"1062\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191333\/Metabolism-3-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46108\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/metabolism-3-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46108\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utsclinic\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"utsblack wp-block-heading\">Drug metabolism 8<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack4 wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Pathways<\/strong><ul><li>Phase 1 only<\/li><li>Phase 2 only<\/li><li>Phase 1 followed by Phase 2<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1444\" height=\"904\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191505\/Drug-metabolism-8.png\" alt=\"Drug metabolism\" class=\"wp-image-46112\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biotransformation in hepatocytes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most occurs in the liver via microsomal (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)&nbsp;and&nbsp;non-microsomal (mitochondria, soluble) enzymatic reactions<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1956\" height=\"1013\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191702\/Biotransformation-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46117\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/biotransformation-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46117\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1956\" height=\"1013\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191659\/Biotransformation-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46116\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/biotransformation-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46116\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1956\" height=\"1013\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191656\/Biotransformation-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46115\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/biotransformation-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46115\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1956\" height=\"1013\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191652\/Biotransformation-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46114\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/biotransformation-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-46114\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utslightblue\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Codeine pharmacokinetics (Martindale)<br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Codeine and its salts are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Ingestion of codeine phosphate produces peak plasma codeine concentrations in about one hour.<\/li><li>Codeine is metabolised by&nbsp;<em>O<\/em>\u2013 and&nbsp;<em>N<\/em>-demethylation in the liver to morphine, norcodeine, and other metabolites. Metabolism to morphine is mediated by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6, which shows genetic polymorphism.<\/li><li>Codeine and its metabolites are excreted almost entirely by the kidney, mainly as conjugates with glucuronic acid.<\/li><li>The plasma half-life has been reported to be between 3 and 4 hours after an oral or intramuscular dose.<\/li><li>Codeine crosses the placenta and is distributed into breast milk.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Drug excretion 1 (kidney) <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2010\" height=\"1399\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191954\/Drug-excretion-1-kidney-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46126\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-kidney-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46126\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2010\" height=\"1399\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191952\/Drug-excretion-1-kidney-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46125\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-kidney-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46125\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2010\" height=\"1399\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191951\/Drug-excretion-1-kidney-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46124\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-kidney-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46124\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2010\" height=\"1399\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191949\/Drug-excretion-1-kidney-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46123\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-kidney-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-46123\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2010\" height=\"1399\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191945\/Drug-excretion-1-kidney-05.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46122\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-kidney-05\/\" class=\"wp-image-46122\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2010\" height=\"1399\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191942\/Drug-excretion-1-kidney-06.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46121\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-kidney-06\/\" class=\"wp-image-46121\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2010\" height=\"1399\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04191939\/Drug-excretion-1-kidney-07.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46120\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-1-kidney-07\/\" class=\"wp-image-46120\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Renal-Excretion\">Renal Excretion<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utspinkpills\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"utsblack wp-block-heading\">Renal excretion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack4 wp-block-list\"><li>Nearly all drugs cross the glomerular&nbsp;filter freely<\/li><li>They will be efficiently excreted (ie. remain in tubular fluid) unless they are lipid soluble and can be re-absorbed into the blood<\/li><li>The key function of metabolism is to make the drug molecule less lipid soluble (more water soluble\/more charged)<\/li><li>Drugs excreted unchanged:&nbsp;<strong>digoxin<\/strong>&nbsp;gentamicin, methotrexate<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug excretion 3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Renal excretion<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Protein bound drugs&nbsp;<strong>and<\/strong>&nbsp;large molecules such as&nbsp;<strong>heparin&nbsp;<\/strong>(anticoagulant) are not filtered<\/li><li>80% of plasma is unfiltered and is present in peritubular capillaries of the proximal tubule<\/li><li>Two non-selective (acid\/base) carrier systems&nbsp;<strong>actively secrete<\/strong>&nbsp;weak acids (OAT) and bases (OCT) into the renal tubule, and thus they are more rapidly excreted<ul><li>Not restricted by plasma protein binding (highly efficient, so easily removed from binding site)<\/li><li>Potential for competition between two drugs<\/li><li>May be useful eg&nbsp;<strong>probenecid&nbsp;<\/strong>competes with&nbsp;<strong>penicillin&nbsp;<\/strong>for secretion, so prolonged penicillin t<sub>1\/2<\/sub><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug excretion 4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1006\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192306\/Drug-excretion-4-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46130\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-4-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46130\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1006\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192304\/Drug-excretion-4-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46129\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/drug-excretion-4-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46129\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug excretion 5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1104\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192413\/Drug-excretion-5.png\" alt=\"Drug excretion\" class=\"wp-image-46132\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utspacket\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"utsblack wp-block-heading\">Drug excretion 6<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack3 wp-block-list\"><li>Ionised drugs (which are filtered or actively secreted in proximal tubule) undergo little reabsorption and are excreted<\/li><li>Lipophilic drugs diffuse back (reabsorbed) into blood therefore not eliminated<\/li><li>Drugs bound to plasma proteins are unable to be filtered but are subject to tubular secretion (eg.&nbsp;<strong>penicillin<\/strong>)<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug excretion 7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Most&nbsp;drugs undergo<ul><li>a) glomerular filtration<\/li><li>b) partial tubular reabsorption<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Some only undergo<ul><li>c) tubular secretion<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Biliary\">Biliary and Faecal Excretion<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Biliary and faecal excretion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Any unabsorbed orally administered drugs are excreted via faeces<\/li><li>Low MW drugs (i.e. &lt;325 in rats, &lt;500-700 in man) are poorly excreted in bile<\/li><li>Above this MW&nbsp;some&nbsp;compounds transferred to from plasma to bile (active transport system) then GIT then faeces in appreciable amounts (vercuronium)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 46%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"822\" height=\"838\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192626\/Enterohepatic-recirculation.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46136\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enterohepatic recirculation 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Bile acids are amphipathic (they have some water and some lipid solubiity) and allow absorption of fats, fat soluble vitamins etc.<\/li><li>Bile is delivered to duodenum and 95% of bile acids are reabsorbed in ileum<\/li><li>Portal vein delivers bile back to hepatocytes<\/li><li>Hepatocytes extract bile acids efficiently<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enterohepatic recirculation 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack3 wp-block-list\"><li>\u03b2-glucuronidase from gut microflora removes glucuronide, reforming original drug that can then re-enter hepatic circulation<\/li><li>Prolongs duration of action of affected drug<\/li><li>Important for:<ul><li><strong>morphine<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>aspirin<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>chloramphenicol<\/strong>&nbsp;(antibiotic)<\/li><li><strong>digoxin<\/strong>(inotropic agent)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"Factors\">Factors Affecting Excretion of Drugs<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Factors affecting excretion of drugs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>High degree of ionisation<\/li><li>High degree of water solubility<\/li><li>Non-ionised \/ lipid soluble substances are reabsorbed and therefore not excreted<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>(Opposite to those required for absorption from GIT)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Factors affecting excretion of drugs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped utsimage75 wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1515\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192831\/Factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46142\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46142\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1515\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192829\/Factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46141\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46141\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1515\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192827\/Factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46140\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-46140\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Factors affecting excretion of drugs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped utsimage75 wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1515\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192831\/Factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46142\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-46142\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1515\" height=\"1185\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/04192829\/Factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"46141\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/factors-affecting-excretion-of-drugs-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-46141\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learning Objectives Understand the concept of prodrugs Outline how the metabolism and\/or excretion of a drug may be influenced by the physicochemical properties of the drug Describe the basic mechanisms of Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions Outline the mechanisms involved in renal and biliary elimination of drugs Describe how enterohepatic recirculation prolongs the duration [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4934,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-template\/generic-template.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1675","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - 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recirculation prolongs the duration [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharmacokinetics-3-drug-metabolism-excretion\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UTS Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-09-16T09:04:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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