{"id":106,"date":"2019-07-24T16:52:11","date_gmt":"2019-07-24T15:52:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?page_id=106"},"modified":"2019-09-16T09:46:19","modified_gmt":"2019-09-16T09:46:19","slug":"what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/","title":{"rendered":"What is pharmacology (Pharmacology principles)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-background-dim-30 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03112803\/395044479_d9040b28c4_o.jpg);background-position:97% 53.75939849624061%\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\">A\/Prof. Ken Rodgers School of Life Sciences <\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03112915\/contents-background-tab-packet-grey.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Contents<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#thebirthofpharmacology\">The birth of pharmacology as a science<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#definitions\">Definitions<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#howdrugswork\">How drugs work<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#drugnomenclature\">Drug nomenclature<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#therapeuticdrugmarket\">Therapeutic drug market<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#guidetopoisonregulations\">Guide to poisons regulations<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#mechanismsofdrugaction\">Mechanisms of drug action<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"#dose-responserelationships\">Dose-response relationships<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull has-white-background-color\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06193232\/uts-red-ff2305.png);background-position:57.49999999999999% 83.33333333333334%\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rang and Dale\u2019s Pharmacology, 8th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Sydney by Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson, G (2015)<br><br>1) What is pharmacology? \u2013 Section 1 Chapter 1.<br>2) How drugs act: general principles \u2013 Section 1 Chapter 2.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"thebirthofpharmacology\">The Birth of Pharmacology as a Science<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/The-birth-of-pharmacology-4.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image utsbackground-white\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"610\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03114814\/pharmacology-timeline2.png\" alt=\"pharmacology-timeline\" class=\"wp-image-45660\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\"> Alternative Therapeutic Principles <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack2 wp-block-list\"><li>Modern medicine relies heavily on drug-based therapeutics.<\/li><li>Other therapeutic procedures include as surgery, diet, exercise, psychological treatments.<\/li><li>Therapeutic systems that have a basis that lies outside the domain of science are known as \u2018alternative\u2019 or \u2018complementary\u2019 medicine. Approaches include: allopathy (1735\u20131821) included blood letting, emetics and purgatives and homeopathy (early 19th century) guiding principles are: like cures like and activity can be enhanced by dilution.<\/li><li>Evidence-based health care<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"definitions\">Definitions<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Definitions.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull has-2-columns utsblack is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is a \u201cdrug\u201d?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A chemical applied to a physiological system that affects its function in a specific way.<\/li><li>A chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organsism, produces a biological effect.<\/li><li>The study of chemical agents (drugs) that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is \u201cpharmacology\u201d?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems.<\/li><li>Paul Ehrlich \u2018drug action must be explicable in terms of conventional interactions between drugs and tissues\u2019.<\/li><li>The study of chemical agents (drugs) that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-1 is-cropped utsblack wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1932\" height=\"1171\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2017\/02\/10023926\/1.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"726\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/introduction-to-pharmacology\/attachment\/1\/\" class=\"wp-image-726\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1932\" height=\"1171\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03115627\/pharma-disciplines-1-.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45666\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/pharma-disciplines-1\/\" class=\"wp-image-45666\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Interface disciplines (brown boxes) link pharmacology to other mainstream biomedical disciplines (green boxes)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pharmacodynamics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n.container {\n  position: relative;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n.image {\n  display: block;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: auto;\n}\n\n.overlay {\n  position: absolute;\n  bottom: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  right: 0;\n  background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0,0.6);;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  transition: .5s ease;\n}\n\n.container:hover .overlay {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n.text {\n  color: white;\n  font-size: 20px;\n  position: absolute;\n top: 25%;\n  left: 15%;\n  -webkit-transform: translate(-5%, -5%);\n  -ms-transform: translate(-5%, -5%);\n  transform: translate(-5%, -5%);\n  white-space: wrap;\n \n}\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container\"><h2 style=\"color:#0f4beb;text-align:center\" class=\"has-text-color\">Pharmacodynamics definition<\/h2>\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/08\/29010756\/doctorCoat.jpg\" alt=\"Avatar\" class=\"image\">\n  <div class=\"overlay\">\n    <div class=\"text\"><ul>\n<li>Where a drug acts in the body (site of action)<\/li>\n<li>Biochemical, physiological and behavioural effects of drugs (mode of action) &rarr; Where does the drug work? How does the drug work?<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n.container {\n  position: relative;\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n.image {\n  display: block;\n  width: 100%;\n  height: auto;\n}\n\n.overlay {\n  position: absolute;\n  bottom: 0;\n  left: 0;\n  right: 0;\n  background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0,0.6);;\n  overflow: hidden;\n  width: 0;\n  height: 100%;\n  transition: .5s ease;\n}\n\n.container:hover .overlay {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n.text {\n  color: white;\n  font-size: 20px;\n  position: absolute;\n top: 25%;\n  left: 15%;\n  -webkit-transform: translate(-5%, -5%);\n  -ms-transform: translate(-5%, -5%);\n  transform: translate(-5%, -5%);\n  white-space: wrap;\n \n}\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"container\"><h2 style=\"color:#0f4beb;text-align:center\" class=\"has-text-color\">Pharmacokinetics definition<\/h2>\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/08\/29010756\/doctorCoat.jpg\" alt=\"Avatar\" class=\"image\">\n  <div class=\"overlay\">\n    <div class=\"text\"><ul>\n<li> Way in which the drug concentration changes with time<\/li><li>Drug disposition (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)<\/li><li>Quantitative pharmacokinetics (measure concentration of drug at various times)<\/li><li>Allows one to make intelligent decisions regarding dose and frequency of drug administration<br> \u2192 It\u2019s all about drug concentrations, how drugs move around the body and how they are excreted <\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03112915\/contents-background-tab-packet-grey.png);background-position:45% 41.66666666666667%\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Definitions<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"color:#323232\" class=\"has-text-color\"><strong>Therapeutics<\/strong>: Use of drugs used to cure, treat or prevent disease and in the alleviation of pain and suffering<br><strong>Chemotherapy<\/strong>: Use of drugs to kill or weaken invading cells or organisms<br><strong>Toxicology<\/strong>: Study of poisons and the treatment of poisoning<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"howdrugswork\">How Drugs Work<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/How-drugs-work.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How drugs work<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The majority of drugs interact with specific molecules involved in regulatory functions eg. a receptor, ion channel, pump or an active site on an enzyme (DRUG TARGET)<\/li><li>A small number of drugs interact with chemicals in the body but are not bound to a tissue component<ul><li>Osmotic diuretics (mannitol) or osmotic laxatives (sorbitol) will bind to&nbsp;<strong>water<\/strong>&nbsp;in the kidney<\/li><li>Antacids will bind to&nbsp;<strong>acid<\/strong>&nbsp;in the stomach<ul><li>Water and acid: targets<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Origins of drugs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>  Some drugs are synthesised within the body (eg. hormones, autacoids, neurotransmitters) this includes insulin, oestradiol, adrenaline, testosterone<\/li><li>Most drugs are not synthesised within the body<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Xenobiotics (Greek xenos \u2018stranger\u2019) eg. synthetic or semisynthetic drugs<\/li><li>Poisons<\/li><li>Toxins (poisons of biologic origin)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utsbackground-red\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Physical nature of drugs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Solid<ul><li>aspirin, paracetamol<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Liquid<ul><li>Ethanol<\/li><li>nitrous oxide<\/li><li>halothane and amyl nitrate<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Gaseous<\/li><li>These factors often determine route of administration<\/li><li>Some liquid drugs are easily vaporised and can be inhaled<ul><li>halothane and amyl nitrate<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug sizes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li> Vary from v. small eg&nbsp;<strong>lithium<\/strong>&nbsp;(MW 7 daltons) R<sub>x<\/sub>&nbsp;bipolar depression<em>,&nbsp;<\/em>to<\/li><li>V. Large eg&nbsp;<strong>tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)<\/strong>&nbsp;(a protein of MW 59,050 daltons) R<sub>x<\/sub>&nbsp;fibrinolytic therapy<\/li><li>But most have masses of 100-1000 daltons, which alter the body\u2019s function by interactions at the molecular level <\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"drugnomenclature\">Drug Nomenclature<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 44%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1233\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03120739\/image16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45670\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug Nomenclature 1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chemical name \u2013 N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (identifies chemical structure)<\/li><li>Generic name \u2013 Official name (lower case)<br>eg. paracetamol (Australia, NZ &amp; UK) but also acetaminophen (USA)<\/li><li>Trade name \u2013 proprietary\/brand name (first letter capitalised)<br>eg. Panadol\u00ae, Dymadon\u00ae, Paralgin\u00ae, Setamol\u00ae, Tylenol\u00ae etc<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"538\" height=\"276\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03120822\/Sildenafil_Structural_Formulae.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45672\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"utsblack wp-block-heading\">Drug Nomenclature&nbsp;1<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignfull columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"331\" height=\"195\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03120927\/Silendafil.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45673\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/silendafil\/\" class=\"wp-image-45673\" \/><figcaption> Generic name <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"669\" height=\"88\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03121123\/image18.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45674\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/image18-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-45674\" \/><figcaption> Chemical name <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2192\" height=\"1298\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03121150\/trade-name-2017-03-06-at-11.02.56-am.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45675\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/trade-name-2017-03-06-at-11-02-56-am\/\" class=\"wp-image-45675\" \/><figcaption> Trade name <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug Nomenclature 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Generic drugs belonging to the same drug group (often) have same suffix<\/li><li>Phenothiazine antipsychotics \u2018-azine\u2019<ul><li>Eg. chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine \u2026<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Most antianxiety drugs (benzodiazepines) \u2018-azepam\u2019<ul><li>Eg. diazepam, temazepam, flunitrazepam, clonazepam \u2026<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Local Anaesthetics \u2018-caine\u2019<ul><li>Eg. lignocaine, amethocaine, cinchocaine, cocaine \u2026<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>ACE inhibitors \u2018-pril\u2019<ul><li>Eg. enalapril, captopril, lisinopril, perindopril \u2026<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Most beta-receptor antagonists \u2018-olol\u2019<ul><li>Eg. propranolol, labetolol, metoprolol \u2026<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Spelling&nbsp;is&nbsp;important!<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>One spelling mistake can destroy your life\u2026 a husband sent this to his wife: \u201cI\u2019m having a wonderful time, wish you were her\u201d<\/em><br><br>QUININE&nbsp;\u2260 QUINIDINE<br><br>MECLOBEMIDE \u2260 METOCLOPRAMIDE<br><br>TRIMIPRAMINE \u2260 TRIMETHOPRIM<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"therapeuticdrugmarket\">Therapeutic Drug Market<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\">The Therapeutic Drug Market 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>~700 active ingredients<\/li><li>Multiple combinations eg:\n<ul>\n<li>PANADEINE<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<strong>codeine<\/strong>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<strong>paracetamol<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>TYLENOL SINUS<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<strong>paracetamol<\/strong>&nbsp;+&nbsp;<strong>pseudoephedrine<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>Delivery forms eg:\n<ul>\n<li>ADALAT OROS<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>&nbsp;= slow release&nbsp;<strong>nifedipine&nbsp;<\/strong>tablets&nbsp;(once daily)<\/li>\n<li>ADALAT<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;<strong>nifedipine<\/strong>&nbsp;tablets (twice daily)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>Over 30,000 different medicinal drug products on Australian market<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right utspacketcircle\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 10%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Therapeutic Drug Market 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"utsblack3 wp-block-list\"><li>The availability of potentially dangerous drugs and chemicals needs to be restricted to enable their safe and effective use.<\/li><li>Scheduling is the legal process used to achieve this (Therapeutic Goods Act 1989).<\/li><li>Medicinal drugs (therapeutic goods) includes:<ul><li>Prescription and non-prescription products from synthetic and biological sources, herbal products, vitamin and mineral supplements, sunscreens and homeopathic products<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Unscheduled drugs can be sold through other retail outlets such as supermarkets (eg, paracetamol)<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Therapeutic Drug Market 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped utsblackwhite wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2274\" height=\"1082\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03121537\/codapane-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45678\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/codapane-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-45678\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2274\" height=\"1082\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03121541\/codapane-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45679\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/codapane-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-45679\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2274\" height=\"1082\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03121545\/codapane-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45680\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/codapane-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-45680\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2274\" height=\"1082\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03121549\/codapane-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45681\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/codapane-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-45681\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"guidetopoisonregulations\">Guide to Poison Regulations<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\">Guide to Poison Regulations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2912\" height=\"1652\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03121913\/guide-to-poison-01.png\" alt=\"guide to poison\" class=\"wp-image-45684\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Guide to Poisons Regulations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignfull columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1378\" height=\"659\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122245\/public-summary-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45686\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/public-summary-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-45686\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1295\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122246\/public-summary-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45687\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/public-summary-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-45687\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\">TGA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"762\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122510\/slimcollagen.png\" alt=\"slim collagen\" class=\"wp-image-45689\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"mechanismsofdrugaction\">Mechanisms of Drug Action<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mechanisms of Drug Action 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Structure-activity relationships<ul><li><em>Why do most drugs vary widely in 3-dimensional shape?<\/em><\/li><li>Because most interact with specific sites \u2013 receptors (drug targets)<\/li><li>Receptors are macromolecular structures in or on the cell surface with which drugs interact to produce effects<ul><li>Change in structure can change activity of drug<\/li><li>The type of chemical interaction with the receptor can influence the action of the drug<\/li><li>A high degree of specificity can result in fewer toxic side-effects<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1132\" height=\"846\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122635\/mechanisms1.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45693\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/mechanisms1-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-45693\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"840\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122633\/mechanisms2.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45692\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/mechanisms2-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-45692\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1910\" height=\"852\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122741\/nicotinic-receptor.png\" alt=\"nicotinic\" class=\"wp-image-45695\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Mechanisms of drug action 3 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1994\" height=\"1014\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122940\/nicotinic-01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45701\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/nicotinic-01\/\" class=\"wp-image-45701\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1994\" height=\"1014\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122939\/nicotinic-02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45700\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/nicotinic-02\/\" class=\"wp-image-45700\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1994\" height=\"1014\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122937\/nicotinic-03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45699\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/nicotinic-03\/\" class=\"wp-image-45699\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1994\" height=\"1014\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122936\/nicotinic-04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45698\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/nicotinic-04\/\" class=\"wp-image-45698\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1994\" height=\"1014\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03122934\/nicotinic-05.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45697\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/nicotinic-05\/\" class=\"wp-image-45697\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 42%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"296\" height=\"233\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123129\/targets-drug-action01.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45703\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\"> Targets for drug action 1 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Receptors\n<ul>\n<li>Sensing elements for chemical communication (hormone, neurotransmitter, neurohormones etc)<\/li>\n<li>Example: D<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;dopamine\n<ul>\n<li>Agonist: dopamine<\/li>\n<li>Antagonist: chlorpromazine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Targets for drug action 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ion channels<ul><li>May be blocked by a drug or the gating operation may be modulated<\/li><li>Local anaesthetics (eg. procaine) physically block the voltage-gated sodium channel<\/li><li>Benzodiazepines (eg diazepam) bind to a region of the GABA-receptor\/chloride channel complex<ul><li>Most facilitate the opening of the channel by GABA<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull utsbackground-blue\" style=\"grid-template-columns:10% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/clear-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2271\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Targets for drug action 3 <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Enzymes <ul><li>Drugs may be competitive (eg neostigmine \u2013 AChE enzyme) or non-competitive (eg aspirin \u2013 COX enzyme) inhibitors of enzymes <\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Pumps <ul><li>Drugs may inhibit the action of carrier molecules \u2013 eg proton pump inhibitors (eg. omeprazole) <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 12%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"320\" height=\"1168\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123613\/dna-black.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45705\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug effects not mediated by receptors 1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Binding to DNA (cross-linking or degradation)\n<ul>\n<li>Some antitumor alkylating agents (eg. cisplatin) and cytotoxic antibiotics (eg bleomycin)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>Counterfeit substrates\n<ul>\n<li>The antihypertensive agent alpha-methyldopa substitutes for a normal substrate in the synthesis of NAd resulting in a less active end-product<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drug effects not mediated by receptors 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Chemical effects\n<ul>\n<li>Protamine \u2013 antagonist of the anticoagulant heparin is due to interaction of highly +ve charged protamine molecule with highly -ve charged heparin molecule<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>Physiological effects\n<ul>\n<li>Antacids \u2013 eg. AlOH3 (acts as a physiological buffer)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>Cathartics (purgatives)\n<ul>\n<li>Ingestion of non-absorbable material (eg lactulose or MgSO4) increases water content of faeces and promotes defaecation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/06122811\/UTS-blue-0f4beB.png)\"><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\" id=\"dose-responserelationships\">Dose-response Relationships<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 63%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1116\" height=\"784\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123750\/dose-response.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45708\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dose-response relationships&nbsp;1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\nFour basic characteristics\n\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\">Dose-response relationships 2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Potency\n<ul>\n<li>Inherent ability of drug to combine with receptors \u2013 depends on drug affinity<\/li>\n<li>Important for dosage but unimportant for clinical purposes as long as it can be administered conveniently<\/li>\n<li>No justification that the more potent of two drugs is clinically superior (toxicity is also important)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:left\">Dose-response relationships 3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Slope\n<ul>\n<li>Relationship between change in dose and change in effect<\/li>\n<li>Sometimes called the Hill slope or Hill coefficient (nH)<\/li>\n<li>For some drugs a small change in dose can change a therapeutic effect into a toxic effect (steep slope)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 54%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"903\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123821\/dose-slope.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45710\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dose-response relationships 4<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dose-response relationships 5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Maximal Effect (E<sub>max<\/sub>)<ul><li>Maximal efficacy \u2013 plateau in the DR-curve (eg maximal efficacy of&nbsp;<strong>buprenorphine<\/strong>&nbsp;is lower than morphine)<\/li><li>Thus&nbsp;<strong>buprenorphine<\/strong>&nbsp;never reaches full maximal efficacy \u2013&nbsp;<em><strong>partial agonist<\/strong><\/em><\/li><li>Dependent on intrinsic activity of the drug<\/li><li>Potency vs. efficacy \u2013 whereas potency refers to the concentration of drug required to produce a particular effect, efficacy refers to the maximal possible effect that can be produced by the drug<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Drugs X and Z&nbsp;<strong>have the same efficacy<\/strong><br>Drugs X and Z&nbsp;<strong>differ in potency<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery alignwide columns-1 is-cropped utslightblue wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"1258\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123929\/efficacy01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45711\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/efficacy01\/\" class=\"wp-image-45711\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"1258\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124007\/efficacy02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45717\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/efficacy02\/\" class=\"wp-image-45717\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"1258\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124001\/efficacy03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45716\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/efficacy03\/\" class=\"wp-image-45716\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"1258\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123956\/efficacy04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45715\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/efficacy04\/\" class=\"wp-image-45715\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"1258\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123952\/efficacy05.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45714\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/efficacy05\/\" class=\"wp-image-45714\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"1258\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123944\/efficacy06.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45713\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/efficacy06\/\" class=\"wp-image-45713\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1995\" height=\"1258\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03123934\/efficacy07.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45712\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/efficacy07\/\" class=\"wp-image-45712\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Drugs X and Y&nbsp;<strong>differ in efficacy<\/strong><br>Drug Y = partial agonist<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-1 is-cropped utslightred wp-block-gallery-8 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124425\/max-response01.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45727\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response01\/\" class=\"wp-image-45727\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124420\/max-response02.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45726\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response02\/\" class=\"wp-image-45726\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124416\/max-response03.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45725\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response03\/\" class=\"wp-image-45725\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124412\/max-response04.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45724\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response04\/\" class=\"wp-image-45724\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124407\/max-response05.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45723\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response05\/\" class=\"wp-image-45723\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124402\/max-response06.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45722\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response06\/\" class=\"wp-image-45722\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124358\/max-response07.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45721\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response07\/\" class=\"wp-image-45721\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"1201\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124353\/max-response08.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"45720\" data-link=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/max-response08\/\" class=\"wp-image-45720\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" style=\"text-align:center\">Dose-response relationships 6<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/03124804\/log-equation-dose_relationship.png\" alt=\"log-equation\" class=\"wp-image-45730\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>DR-curves are plotted on a log10 x-axis (dose\/conc.) against % of maximal response (y-axis)<\/li><li>This gives a sigmoidal (\u2018S\u2019-shaped) curve defined by:\n<ul>\n<li>Linear portion (30-70%)<\/li>\n<li>Median effective dose (ED50) or concentration (EC50)<\/li>\n<li>Slope of the linear portion of the curve (nH)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li><li>ED<sub>50<\/sub>&nbsp;or EC<sub>50<\/sub>&nbsp;= dose or conc. of drug required to produce an effect of specified intensity in 50% of subjects<\/li><li>Curves are fitted using non-linear regression employing a Logistic equation<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alternative Therapeutic Principles Modern medicine relies heavily on drug-based therapeutics. Other therapeutic procedures include as surgery, diet, exercise, psychological treatments. Therapeutic systems that have a basis that lies outside the domain of science are known as \u2018alternative\u2019 or \u2018complementary\u2019 medicine. Approaches include: allopathy (1735\u20131821) included blood letting, emetics and purgatives and homeopathy (early 19th century) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4934,"featured_media":46600,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-template\/generic-template.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-106","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is pharmacology (Pharmacology principles) - UTS Pharmacology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is pharmacology (Pharmacology principles) - UTS Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Alternative Therapeutic Principles Modern medicine relies heavily on drug-based therapeutics. Other therapeutic procedures include as surgery, diet, exercise, psychological treatments. Therapeutic systems that have a basis that lies outside the domain of science are known as \u2018alternative\u2019 or \u2018complementary\u2019 medicine. Approaches include: allopathy (1735\u20131821) included blood letting, emetics and purgatives and homeopathy (early 19th century) [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UTS Pharmacology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-09-16T09:46:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/09175713\/mountains-new.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"442\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/\",\"name\":\"What is pharmacology (Pharmacology principles) - UTS Pharmacology\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/09175713\/mountains-new.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-07-24T15:52:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-09-16T09:46:19+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/09175713\/mountains-new.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/wordpress-futures-prod.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2019\/09\/09175713\/mountains-new.png\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":442},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"What is pharmacology (Pharmacology principles)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/\",\"name\":\"UTS Pharmacology\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"What is pharmacology (Pharmacology principles) - UTS Pharmacology","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/educationexpress.uts.edu.au\/pharmacology\/what-is-pharmacology-pharmacology-principles\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"What is pharmacology (Pharmacology principles) - UTS Pharmacology","og_description":"Alternative Therapeutic Principles Modern medicine relies heavily on drug-based therapeutics. 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